The European Union’s greenhouse-gas emissions from key industries rose 1.1% last year, despite its antipollution policies, demonstrating the difficulty in meeting international commitments to fight climate change. For the past three years, Europe has been trying to reduce emissions by imposing a market-based cap-and-trade system. But the caps that the EU set for different industries turned out to be too high. As a result, instead of shrinking, as was originally envisioned, emissions in these industries have crept up by about 1% each year since the program began. Europe’s struggle to make its cap-and-trade program work shows just how hard it will be for the industrialized world to achieve any meaningful reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions. Japan isn’t faring any better: Its Kyoto targets call for it to reduce emissions by 6% below 1990 levels, but emissions are actually increasing there as well.